Raws li kev thov thoob ntiaj teb rau cov khoom siv vov tsev hlau txuas ntxiv zuj zus, cov tuam txhab lag luam tau nqis peev ntau ntxiv rau kev ua tau zoo thiab ntau yamyob txoj kev tshuabmuaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam profile. Ntawm cov tshuab siv dav tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam vov tsev yog ib qho - txheej, ob - txheej, thiab triple - txheej tshuab.
Thaum tag nrho peb hom tshuab ua haujlwm zoo ib yam - hloov cov hlau coils rau hauv cov ntawv vov tsev tiav - lawv cov qauv, kev tsim khoom yooj yim, qhov xav tau ntawm qhov chaw, thiab cov nqi peev sib txawv heev. Kev nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv no pab cov tuam txhab xaiv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau lawv cov hom phiaj tsim khoom.
Kab lus no tshawb txog cov qauv tsim, cov khoom siv, cov qauv kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom xav tau, thiab kev siv niaj hnub novov tsev ntawv machine.
Dab tsi yog Roofing Sheet Roll Forming Machine?
A vov tsev ntawv yob txoj kev tshuabyog ib qho kev tsim khoom tas mus li uas hloov cov hlau coils rau hauv cov ntawv vov tsev los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib sau. Es tsis txhob shaping cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua haujlwm, lub tshuab maj mam khoov cov hlau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom kom txog rau thaum qhov kawg profile tiav.
Cov txheej txheem yog automated heev, tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov ntawv vov tsev nrog qhov ntev, zoo heev saum npoo, thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.
Cov khoom lag luam muaj xws li:
- Corrugated vov tsev ntawv
- IBR vov tsev ntawv
- Trapezoidal ru tsev ntawv
- Phab ntsa cladding panels
- Qab nthab panels
Niaj hnubyob txoj kev tshuab manufacturerstsim cov cav tov kom haum raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev sib txuas ua ke, ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm ib qho - txheej, ob - txheej, thiab triple - txheej txheej.
Cov Cheebtsam tseem ceeb ntawm Roll Forming Machine
Tsis hais tus naj npawb ntawm cov txheej, feem ntauroofing sheet ntau lawm kabmuaj cov tseem ceeb sib xws.
Decoiler
Lub decoiler tuav thiab unwinds steel kauj ua ntej nws nkag mus rau hauv lub tshuab.
Cov kev xaiv uas muaj xws li:
- Phau ntawv decoiler
- Hydraulic decoiler
- Motorized decoiler
Lub peev xwm thauj khoom ib txwm muaj li ntawm 5 tons txog 15 tons nyob ntawm lub tshuab specifications.
Pub System
Lub tsev pub noj coj cov kauj kom du mus rau hauv seem tsim thaum tswj kev sib raug zoo. Kev pub mis kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas qhov profile zoo.
Roll forming chaw nres tsheb
Cov chaw tsim khoom yog lub plawv ntawm lub tshuab. Txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb muaj cov yob sab sauv thiab sab qis uas maj mam ua cov khoom siv.
Qhov chaw nres tsheb ib txwm muaj xws li:
- IBR daim ntawv tshuab: 16-22 chaw nres tsheb
- Trapezoidal sheet machines: 14-20 chaw nres tsheb
- Corrugated sheet machines: 12-18 chaw nres tsheb
Tsav System
Lub zog tsav lub zog rau cov yob thiab txav cov khoom los ntawm lub tshuab.
Cov kev xaiv tsav uas muaj xws li:
- Cov saw hlau kis tau tus mob
- Gearbox kis tau tus mob
- Iav- tsav tsheb
Hydraulic Txiav Unit
Lub tshuab txiav txiav txiav cov nplooj ntawv vov tsev mus rau qhov programmed ntev yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov duab profile.
PLC Tswj System
PLC tswj qhov system tswj:
- Daim ntawv ntev
- Ntau lawm ntau
- Tshuab ceev
- Txiav kev ua haujlwm
- Kev tshuaj xyuas ntau lawm
Niaj hnub nimno touchscreen interfaces tso cai rau cov tswv lag luam los tswj tag nrho cov kab ntau lawm los ntawm ib lub vaj huam sib luag.
Cov lus tso zis
Tom qab txiav, cov nplooj ntawv tiav raug xa mus rau lub rooj tso zis rau kev sau thiab stacking.
Coil Materials thiab Thickness Range
Niaj hnub nimno vov tsev ntawv yob txoj kev tshuab yog tsim los ua ntau yam hlau coils, ua rau lawv haum rau ntau yam kev tsim kho thiab kev siv. Lub peev xwm los tuav cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov ntawv vov tsev, phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag, thiab cov khoom siv cladding uas ua tau raws li kev lag luam sib txawv.
Cov khoom siv feem ntau ua tiav suav nrog:
- PPGI (Pre-Painted Galvanized Hlau)
- PPGL (Pre-Painted Galvalume Hlau)
- Galvanized hlau (GI)
- Galvalume hlau (GL)
- Aluminium Coil
Ntawm cov no, PPGI thiab PPGL tau siv dav rau cov xim vov tsev vim lawv cov tsos zoo nkauj thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thaum GI thiab GL yog qhov nyiam rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau ntev - lub sij hawm ntev thiab kev tiv thaiv huab cua.
Feem ntau cov vov tsev ntawv tshuab yog tsim los ua cov txheej txheem coil thickness xws li0.20mm txog 0.80mm, npog feem ntau ntawm cov tsev nyob, kev lag luam, thiab kev tsim cov vov tsev. Cov cav tov kuj tuaj yeem raug kho rau cov tuab tuab tshwj xeeb raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov project.
Common coil widths muaj xws li:
- 9 14mm
- 1000 hli
- 1200 hli
- 1220 hli
- 1250 hli
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom siv zog, cov cav tov niaj hnub no feem ntau tuav cov qib steel xws liG250, G300, G350, thiab G550, tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov qauv thiab siab -cov khoom siv vov tsev.
Cov khoom siv meej meej, lub peev xwm tuab, thiab lub zog ntau yog nyob ntawm lub tshuab tsim, kev teeb tsa cov menyuam, thiab cov txheej txheem tsis tau muab los ntawm lub tshuab.yob txoj kev tshuab manufacturers. Xaiv lub tshuab teeb tsa kom raug ua kom ruaj khov, tsim kom raug, thiab cov khoom zoo ib yam.
Tib - Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab
Covib zaug - txheej yob txoj kev tshuabyog hom kev siv vov tsev thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Raws li lub npe qhia, lub tshuab tsim tsuas yog ib qho profile tsim.
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Lub coil nkag mus rau hauv qhov kev pub mis thiab dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov chais uas tsim los rau ib qho tshwj xeeb vov tsev profile. Cov khoom siv maj mam ua kom zoo li nws txav mus los ntawm txhua qhov chaw tsim khoom ua ntej raug txiav mus rau qhov ntev ntev.
Vim tias tag nrho lub tshuab muaj nplooj siab rau ib qho profile, ntau lawm tseem ruaj khov thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Qhov zoo
- Siab tshaj profile raug
- Kev ua haujlwm yooj yim
- Kev saib xyuas yooj yim
- Kev ceev ntau lawm ceev
- Tsawg kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov teeb meem kho tshuab
Haum rau
- Loj - ntim manufacturers
- Dedicated roofing sheet ntau lawm
- Export -oriented factories
Yam Muaj Peev Xwm Ntau Lawm
Kev ceev ntau lawm feem ntau yog los ntawm:
15-25 meters ib feeb
nyob ntawm daim ntawv tsim thiab tshuab configuration.
Muab ob npaug rau- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab
Covob - txheej yob txoj kev tshuabyog ib daim ntawv uas nrov tshaj plaws ntawmmulti- txheej yob txoj kev tshuabmuaj hnub no.
Nws ua ke ob txoj kev ywj pheej vov tsev ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab thav duab.
Hom Profile Combinations
Upper txheej: corrugated ntawv
Txheej hauv qab: IBR daim ntawv
los yog
Upper txheej: Trapezoidal ntawv
Txheej hauv qab: phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Txhua txheej muaj nws tus kheej cov chaw nres tsheb. Tus neeg teb xov tooj xaiv qhov xav tau profile los ntawm PLC tswj qhov system.
Tsuas yog ib txheej ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Cov khoom dhau los ntawm sab sauv lossis sab saud nyob ntawm qhov profile xaiv.
Lub tshuab ces txiav thiab tso tawm cov ntawv tiav raws li qhov qub.
Muab ob npaug rau- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab Txheej txheem cej luam
|
Feature |
Qhov zoo |
Kev txwv |
Haum rau |
|
Kev siv qhov chaw |
Ib lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm ob txoj kab ntau lawm, txuag qhov chaw ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig. |
Lub tshuab qauv hnyav dua thiab nyuaj dua ib zaug - txheej tshuab. |
Nruab nrab- cov chaw tsim khoom loj nrog qhov chaw hauv pem teb tsawg. |
|
Kev nqis peev |
Cov cuab yeej siv qis dua piv rau kev yuav ob lub tshuab standalone. |
Tus nqi pib yog siab dua tus qauv ib zaug - txheej tshuab. |
Cov neeg muab khoom siv hauv tsev nrhiav tus nqi- cov kev daws teeb meem zoo. |
|
Khoom Flexibility |
Tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim tawm ob qhov sib txawv siv ib lub tshuab. |
Tsuas yog ib qho profile tuaj yeem tsim ib lub sijhawm. |
Roofing sheet manufacturers pab ntau tus neeg siv khoom xav tau. |
|
Kev npaj tsim khoom |
Ua kom yooj yim hloov ntawm cov khoom raws li kev lag luam xav tau. |
Cov khoom hloov pauv yuav xav tau lub sijhawm teeb tsa ntxiv. |
Export cov lag luam nrog ntau yam khoom xav tau. |
|
Kev siv khoom siv |
Txhim kho kev siv tshuab los ntawm kev sib txuas ob lub peev xwm tsim khoom rau hauv ib qho system. |
Kev tu thiab kev daws teeb meem yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis vim muaj cov txheej txheem ntxiv rau cov menyuam thiab cov khoom siv. |
Tuam txhab uas muag aiming mus ua kom ntau lawm efficiency tsis ntxiv cov khoom siv ntxiv. |
|
Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo |
Txo qhov xav tau ntawm ntau lub tshuab, cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab qhov chaw teeb tsa. |
Kev ceev ntau lawm tej zaum yuav qis dua me ntsis ntawm ib leeg - cov kab ntau lawm. |
Cov neeg tsim khoom tsim cov ntim nruab nrab ntawm ntau lub ru tsev thiab phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag profiles. |
Triple- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab
Covtriple- txheej yob txoj kev tshuabyog ntau yam vov tsev ntawv tshuab tsim feem ntau muaj.
Nws integrates peb ywj siab profile systems rau hauv ib lub tshuab qauv.
Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke
- Corrugated vov tsev ntawv
- IBR vov tsev ntawv
- Phab ntsa cladding vaj huam sib luag
los yog
- Daim ntawv vov tsev
- Qab nthab vaj huam sib luag
- Phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag
Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Lub tshuab muaj peb txheej txheej txheej sib cais vertically.
Siv PLC system, cov neeg ua haujlwm xaiv qhov profile xav tau. Cov txheej txheem pub mis coj cov kauj los ntawm qhov sib thooj rau cov menyuam thaum lwm ob nyob twj ywm.
Thaum ua tiav, daim ntawv pib los ntawm cov txheej txheem txiav thiab cov zis seem ib yam li lub tshuab txheem.
Triple- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab Txheej txheem cej luam
|
Feature |
Qhov zoo |
Kev txwv |
Haum rau |
|
Kev siv qhov chaw |
Peb cov khoom tuaj yeem tsim tau siv ib lub tshuab hneev taw, ua kom qhov chaw ua haujlwm loj tshaj plaws. |
Lub tshuab qauv loj dua thiab hnyav dua ib zaug - lossis ob - txheej tshuab. |
Factories uas txwv qhov chaw ua haujlwm. |
|
Yam khoom ntau yam |
Tso cai tsim peb lub ru tsev sib txawv lossis phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag profiles, ua rau kev ua lag luam yooj yooj yim. |
Kev teeb tsa cov menyuam yaus thiab kev hloov pauv profile tuaj yeem nyuaj dua. |
Cov tuam txhab lag luam tsim khoom lag luam ua haujlwm pab ntau tus neeg siv khoom xav tau. |
|
Kev nqis peev |
Kev nqis peev qis dua piv rau kev yuav khoom peb cov kab ntau lawm. |
Tus nqi tshuab pib yog siab dua ib zaug - tshuab txheej. |
Pib-cov tuam txhab lag luam tab tom nrhiav kom nthuav dav cov khoom lag luam kev lag luam. |
|
Ntau Lawm Flexibility |
Ceev ceev teb rau kev hloov cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev ua lag luam. |
Tsuas yog ib qho profile tuaj yeem tsim ib lub sijhawm. |
Tsim kev lag luam nrog ntau qhov profile xav tau. |
|
Tshuab Kev Ua Haujlwm |
Txhim kho kev siv cov cuab yeej siv los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau qhov profile hauv ib lub tshuab. |
Kev tu thiab kev daws teeb meem yog qhov nyuaj dua vim muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv. |
Cov neeg tsim khoom nrhiav kev sib npaug ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo. |
|
Kev Ua Tau Zoo |
Txo qhov xav tau rau ntau lub tshuab thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm. |
Kev ceev ntau lawm yog me ntsis qis dua ib qho - cov cav tov profile. |
Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom nruab nrab ntawm ntau hom profile. |
Kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem yob txoj kev sib txawv
|
Feature |
Ib Txheej |
Ob txheej txheej |
Triple Txheej |
|
Profiles tsim |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
Ntau lawm ceev |
Siab tshaj |
Siab |
Nruab nrab |
|
Kev tu |
Yooj yim tshaj plaws |
Nruab nrab |
Feem ntau nyuaj |
|
Kev nqis peev |
qis tshaj |
Nruab nrab |
Siab tshaj |
|
Kev siv qhov chaw |
Tsawg |
Zoo |
Zoo heev |
|
Khoom Flexibility |
txwv |
Zoo |
Zoo heev |
Txawv ru tsev thiab phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag tsim
Dhau li ntawm kev teeb tsa lub tshuab xws li ib zaug - txheej, ob npaug - txheej, thiab triple - txheej txheej, yob txoj kev tshuab kuj raug cais raws li tus qauv tsim lawv tsim. Niaj hnub nimno vov tsev thiab phab ntsa cladding kev lag luam siv ntau ntau ntawm cov qauv profile, txhua tus tsim rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, zoo nkauj, thiab kev tsim kho.
Feem ntau cov qauv tsim profile muaj xws li:
- Corrugated vov tsev ntawv
- Trapezoidal ru tsev ntawv
- IBR (Inverted Box Rib) nplooj ntawv
- Pobzeb- cuam tshuam cov ntawv vov tsev
- Phab ntsa cladding panels
- Npog- kho cov vaj huam sib luag vov tsev
- Standing seam panels
- Sib sib zog nqus-rib roofing sheets
- Wave - hom profiles
- Architectural façade panels
- Industrial phab ntsa panels
- Custom -tsim profiles
Txhua qhov profile yuav tsum muaj kev tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam thiab tsim ua ntu zus. Raws li qhov nyuaj thiab qhov tob ntawm qhov profile nce, lub tshuab yuav xav tau cov chaw tsim khoom ntxiv thiab cov kab ntau lawm.
Qhov zoo ntawm daim ntawv dav tom qab tsim feem ntau yog los ntawm600mm txog 1100mm, nyob ntawm qhov profile tsim. Qee qhov profile tseem ceeb tshaj qhov dej ntws thiab thauj khoom -cov kabmob muaj zog, thaum lwm tus tsom rau qhov zoo nkauj thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm vaj tse.
Cov neeg tsim khoom kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho cov tshuab yob txoj kev raws li cov neeg siv khoom kos duab, kev nyiam ua lag luam hauv zos, thiab cov qauv kev tsim kho hauv tebchaws. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau cov neeg tsim cov ntawv vov tsev kom muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab ua haujlwm zoo dua rau thaj chaw, kev lag luam, thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse.
Hauv ntau lub lag luam xa tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Africa, Middle East, thiab South America, cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau xaiv cov qauv tsim raws li cov neeg siv khoom hauv zos nyiam, ua qhov kev xaiv profile tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li xaiv lub tshuab nws tus kheej.
Yam Roll Forming Tshuab Koj Yuav Tsum Xaiv?
Xaiv txoj cai yob txoj kev tshuab yog nyob ntawm koj lub hom phiaj tsim khoom, ntau yam khoom, muaj chaw cob qhia, thiab pob nyiaj siv. Txhua hom tshuab muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo rau kev tsim khoom sib txawv.
| Feature / Cov khoom sib piv | Tib - Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab | Muab ob npaug rau- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab | Triple- Txheej Roll Forming Tshuab |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tus naj npawb ntawm Profiles tsim | 1 profile | 2 profiles | 3 profiles |
| Kev Ua Tau Zoo | High efficiency rau ib yam khoom | High efficiency nrog profile hloov | Nruab nrab mus rau kev ua haujlwm siab nrog ntau yam kev xaiv profile |
| Tshuab Qauv | Ib txheej txheej | Ob txheej txheej hauv ib lub thav duab | Peb txheej txheej hauv ib lub thav duab |
| Factory Space Requirement | Xav tau ntau qhov chaw yog tias xav tau ntau qhov profile | Txuag qhov chaw piv rau ob lub tshuab sib cais | Maximizes qhov chaw siv |
| Tus nqi pib nqis peev | Tsawg tshaj plaws rau ib qhov profile | Tsawg dua yuav ob lub tshuab sib cais | Tsawg dua kev yuav peb lub tshuab cais |
| Khoom Flexibility | Txwv rau ib qho profile | Muaj peev xwm tsim tau ob qhov sib txawv profiles | Muaj peev xwm tsim tau peb yam profiles |
| Profile Hloov Muaj Peev Xwm | Tsis siv tau | Yooj yim hloov ntawm ob profiles | Yooj yim hloov ntawm peb profiles |
| Kev Kho Kom Zoo | Kev kho yooj yim tshaj plaws | Kev saib xyuas nruab nrab | Ntau dua li ib zaug thiab ob - txheej tshuab |
| Kev ua haujlwm yooj yim | Ua haujlwm yooj yim tshaj plaws | Kev ua haujlwm yooj yim nrog kev xaiv profile | Yuav tsum tau tswj kev teeb tsa ntau dua |
| Kev ua kom raug | Qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab sib xws | Siab raug | Siab raug nrog kev kho kom raug |
| Kev ruaj ntseg ntau lawm | Kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov tshaj plaws | Kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov | ruaj khov tab sis muaj ntau yam khoom siv tshuab |
| Tsim nyog ntim ntim | High- ntim khoom txuas ntxiv | Nruab nrab mus rau siab ntau lawm ntim | Nruab nrab ntau lawm ntim nrog ntau yam khoom |
| Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom ntau yam | Tsawg | Nruab nrab | Siab |
| Rhiav Expansion Xav Tau | Cov tshuab ntxiv yuav tsum muaj rau cov ntawv tshiab | Muaj peev xwm tuav ob kab khoom hauv ib lub tshuab | Tau lis peb cov khoom kab hauv ib lub tshuab |
| Hom neeg hom phiaj | Tshwj xeeb vov tsev ntawv manufacturers | Cov chaw tsim khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov chaw tsim khoom nruab nrab - loj | Export-cov tuam ntxhab thiab cov neeg tsim khoom sib txawv |
| Tej kev siv | Cov ntawv corrugated, IBR nplooj ntawv, ib qho -cov khoom vov tsev | Corrugated + IBR nplooj ntawv, ntau lub ru tsev profiles | Corrugated, IBR, pobzeb, thiab lwm yam ru tsev profiles |
| Rov qab los ntawm Kev Lag Luam (ROI) | Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau loj - ntim ib zaug - khoom xav tau | Zoo sib npaug ntawm cov nqi thiab yooj yim | Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov lag luam muab ntau hom khoom |
| Pom zoo rau | Factories tsom rau ib yam khoom | Cov lag luam xav tau ob lub npe nrov | Tuam txhab uas muag pab ntau yam kev lag luam xav tau thiab export kev lag luam |
Ua Kev Xaiv Zoo
- Xaiv ib qho - Txheej TshuabYog tias koj tsim ib qho profile hauv cov ntim loj thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws.
- Xaiv ibMuab ob npaug rau- Txheej Tshuabyog tias koj xav tau ob daim ntawv vov tsev tsim thaum txo cov nqi khoom siv thiab txuag chaw.
- Xaiv triple - Txheej Tshuabyog tias koj ua haujlwm rau ntau hom kev lag luam thiab xav tau kev hloov pauv siab tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom.
Ua haujlwm nrog tus neeg muaj kev paub dhau losyob txoj kev tshuab manufacturerslos yog ntseegyob txoj kev tshuab tsumtuaj yeem pab koj txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws raws li koj cov kev xav tau ntau lawm, pob nyiaj siv, thiab ntev - lub hom phiaj ua lag luam.
Xaus
Ib - txheej, ob - txheej, thiab triple - txheejyob txoj kev tshuabtxhua qhov muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo rau kev tsim cov ntawv vov tsev. Thaum ib zaug - txheej txheej txheej muab qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev yooj yim, ob npaug - txheej thiab triple - txheej tshuab xa cov khoom lag luam ntau dua thiab txhim kho qhov chaw siv.
Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv tshuab, cov khoom muaj peev xwm, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus qauv tsim, cov tuam txhab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog kev nqis peev uas txhim kho cov khoom lag luam, txo cov nqi, thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam ntev ntev hauv kev sib tw steel vov tsev.
